Top 30 Most Common Selenium Interview Questions For 5 Years Experience You Should Prepare For
Written by
James Miller, Career Coach
Securing a role as a test automation engineer with 5 years of experience requires demonstrating not just familiarity with Selenium, but a deep understanding of its architecture, best practices, and how to build robust, scalable frameworks. Interviewers at this level are looking for candidates who can discuss challenges, provide solutions, and explain design decisions. They expect you to go beyond basic command usage and talk about handling complex scenarios, integrating tools, and optimizing test suites for performance and maintainability. Preparing for specific selenium interview questions for 5 years experience is crucial to showcase your expertise and stand out from the competition. This guide provides insights into the types of questions asked and how to structure your answers effectively.
What Are Selenium Interview Questions For 5 Years Experience
Selenium interview questions for 5 years experience are designed to evaluate an experienced automation engineer's command of the Selenium WebDriver tool and associated concepts. Unlike entry-level questions focusing on basic commands, these questions probe into framework design principles like Page Object Model (POM), synchronization techniques beyond simple waits, handling complex web elements (dynamic, hidden, iframes), integrating Selenium with build tools (Maven/Gradle), reporting frameworks (ExtentReports, Allure), and CI/CD pipelines (Jenkins). Candidates are expected to articulate their problem-solving approaches for real-world automation challenges, discuss architectural patterns, and demonstrate experience with advanced topics such as parallel execution with Selenium Grid, cross-browser compatibility management, and performance optimization of test suites.
Why Do Interviewers Ask Selenium Interview Questions For 5 Years Experience
Interviewers ask selenium interview questions for 5 years experience to gauge the depth of a candidate's practical knowledge and theoretical understanding. At this level, they need engineers who can lead automation efforts, make architectural decisions, troubleshoot complex issues, and mentor junior team members. Questions on framework design reveal understanding of maintainability and scalability. Queries about synchronization, handling dynamic elements, and exceptions assess problem-solving skills under challenging conditions. Discussions on integration with TestNG, Maven, and Jenkins highlight experience with the broader automation ecosystem. Essentially, interviewers use these questions to determine if a candidate possesses the experience, critical thinking, and strategic perspective necessary to build and maintain a successful, enterprise-level test automation solution using Selenium.
Preview List
What is Selenium and what are its components?
What are the advantages of Selenium?
Explain the architecture of Selenium WebDriver.
How do you handle synchronization issues in Selenium?
What are different types of locators in Selenium?
How do you handle dynamic web elements?
How do you handle multiple windows or tabs in Selenium?
How do you take screenshots in Selenium WebDriver?
What are the different types of waits available in Selenium WebDriver?
How do you handle alerts in Selenium?
What is the difference between driver.close() and driver.quit()?
How can you perform mouse and keyboard actions in Selenium?
What is the Page Object Model (POM)? Why is it used?
How do you handle frames or iframes in Selenium?
How would you handle file upload in Selenium?
How do you execute JavaScript with Selenium WebDriver?
What is TestNG and why is it preferred in Selenium automation?
How do you perform data-driven testing in Selenium?
What challenges have you faced while automating and how did you resolve them?
How do you integrate Selenium with Jenkins?
What is the role of Selenium Grid?
Can Selenium automate captcha or biometric systems?
How do you handle stale element exception?
How do you handle JavaScript popups or alerts that are not supported by Selenium alerts?
What is the difference between Absolute and Relative XPath?
How can you improve Selenium test script performance?
What is Selenese?
How do you manage browser compatibility issues?
How do you deal with hidden elements or elements not visible on the page?
How do you design a robust Selenium test automation framework?
1. What is Selenium and what are its components?
Why you might get asked this:
Tests foundational knowledge. For 5 years of experience, it confirms understanding of the tool's scope and evolution, distinguishing between current (WebDriver, Grid) and deprecated (RC) parts.
How to answer:
Define Selenium as an open-source suite. List and briefly explain its main components, focusing on WebDriver and Grid as key for modern automation.
Example answer:
Selenium is an open-source suite for automating web browsers. Its core components are Selenium WebDriver for browser interaction, Selenium Grid for parallel/distributed execution, Selenium IDE (browser extension for recording), and the older Selenium RC (deprecated). WebDriver is the standard for writing powerful automation scripts.
2. What are the advantages of Selenium?
Why you might get asked this:
Assesses understanding of why Selenium is a popular choice. For experienced roles, it shows awareness of its strengths in enterprise environments (community, flexibility, integrations).
How to answer:
Highlight key benefits: multi-browser/OS support, language independence, open-source/free, large community, and ease of integration with other tools (CI/CD, reporting).
Example answer:
Selenium offers many advantages: it supports major browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari) and operating systems. It's language-agnostic (Java, Python, C#, etc.), open-source and free. It has strong community support and integrates well with testing frameworks like TestNG/JUnit and CI/CD tools like Jenkins.
3. Explain the architecture of Selenium WebDriver.
Why you might get asked this:
Evaluates technical depth beyond basic usage. Understanding the architecture is vital for troubleshooting and making informed decisions about driver interactions.
How to answer:
Describe the client-server model. Explain how WebDriver client libraries communicate with browser-specific drivers (ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver) which then interact with the browser via protocols (JSON Wire/W3C).
Example answer:
Selenium WebDriver has a client-server architecture. Your automation script acts as the client. Commands from the script are sent via an HTTP server (part of the browser driver) to the browser-specific driver (e.g., ChromeDriver). This driver translates commands into native browser calls using the W3C WebDriver protocol, executing actions in the browser.
4. How do you handle synchronization issues in Selenium?
Why you might get asked this:
Crucial for robust automation. Demonstrates practical problem-solving skills for common UI instability. Experience level requires detailing different wait types and their best use cases.
How to answer:
Explain the need for synchronization (waiting for elements). Describe and differentiate between Implicit Wait, Explicit Wait, and Fluent Wait, emphasizing when and why you'd choose one over the others.
Example answer:
Synchronization is handled using waits. Implicit Wait sets a global timeout for finding elements. Explicit Wait waits for a specific condition on an element using WebDriverWait and ExpectedConditions. Fluent Wait is more flexible Explicit Wait, allowing polling frequency and ignored exceptions. Explicit waits are generally preferred for precision.
5. What are different types of locators in Selenium?
Why you might get asked this:
Fundamental concept. For experienced candidates, it confirms familiarity and the ability to choose appropriate strategies for different scenarios, especially dynamic elements.
How to answer:
List common locator strategies: ID, Name, ClassName, TagName, LinkText, PartialLinkText, CSS Selector, and XPath. Briefly mention their characteristics (e.g., ID is fastest/most stable if available).
Example answer:
Selenium uses locators to find elements: ID (preferable), Name, ClassName, TagName, LinkText, PartialLinkText, CSS Selector, and XPath. CSS Selectors are often faster and more readable than XPath, while XPath is powerful for traversing the DOM, especially for complex or relative paths.
6. How do you handle dynamic web elements?
Why you might get asked this:
A common, challenging scenario in web automation. Shows practical problem-solving skills and experience with complex locator strategies beyond simple IDs.
How to answer:
Explain techniques like using dynamic XPath/CSS selectors (with contains(), starts-with()), sibling/parent traversal, relative locators (Selenium 4+), or combining multiple attributes. Discuss waiting strategies for dynamically appearing elements.
Example answer:
For dynamic elements, I use relative XPath or CSS selectors based on attributes that are stable, even if others change. Functions like contains(), starts-with(), or following-sibling:: are useful. Waiting for the element's visibility or clickability using Explicit Wait before interacting is also key.
7. How do you handle multiple windows or tabs in Selenium?
Why you might get asked this:
Tests ability to manage browser context, a frequent requirement in real-world web applications.
How to answer:
Explain using driver.getWindowHandles() to get all open window IDs and driver.switchTo().window(handle) to switch focus between them. Mention how to identify the target window (e.g., by title or URL) and how to close windows.
Example answer:
I use driver.getWindowHandles() to get a set of unique IDs for all open windows. Then, I iterate through this set and use driver.switchTo().window(handle) to switch to the desired window based on its title or URL. driver.switchTo().defaultContent() returns to the main window.
8. How do you take screenshots in Selenium WebDriver?
Why you might get asked this:
Essential for debugging and reporting test failures. Demonstrates understanding of a practical utility function.
How to answer:
Explain using the TakesScreenshot interface and the getScreenshotAs() method, specifying the output type (e.g., OutputType.FILE). Describe how to copy the resulting file to a desired location.
Example answer:
To take a screenshot, I cast the WebDriver instance to TakesScreenshot. Then I call getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE) which returns a file object. I copy this file to a designated reports or logs directory, often including the test name or timestamp in the filename for organization.
9. What are the different types of waits available in Selenium WebDriver?
Why you might get asked this:
Revisits synchronization, requiring a clear distinction between wait types. For experienced candidates, the nuanced difference between Explicit and Fluent wait is important.
How to answer:
List and describe Implicit Wait, Explicit Wait (using WebDriverWait and ExpectedConditions), and Fluent Wait. Explain their scopes and typical use cases, emphasizing Explicit/Fluent for precision.
Example answer:
There are three main types: Implicit Wait, which is a global setting for element finding; Explicit Wait, which waits for a specific condition on an element using WebDriverWait; and Fluent Wait, a type of Explicit Wait allowing custom polling intervals and ignoring specific exceptions during the wait period.
10. How do you handle alerts in Selenium?
Why you might get asked this:
Common web interaction requiring a specific API. Shows knowledge of handling browser-level pop-ups.
How to answer:
Explain using driver.switchTo().alert() to get an Alert object. List the methods available on the Alert object: accept(), dismiss(), getText(), and sendKeys().
Example answer:
I use driver.switchTo().alert() to gain control of the alert box. Once switched, I can use accept() to click OK, dismiss() to click Cancel, getText() to read the message, or sendKeys() to type into a prompt box, depending on the alert type.
11. What is the difference between driver.close() and driver.quit()?
Why you might get asked this:
Tests understanding of session management. Crucial for preventing memory leaks and ensuring proper resource cleanup in test execution.
How to answer:
Clearly state that close() closes the current window/tab being focused, while quit() closes all windows opened by the WebDriver instance and terminates the session. Recommend using quit() at the end of a test suite.
Example answer:
driver.close() closes only the currently focused browser window or tab. driver.quit() is used to close all windows opened by the WebDriver session and safely end the session itself, releasing resources. Always use driver.quit() in the tearDown method to avoid memory leaks.
12. How can you perform mouse and keyboard actions in Selenium?
Why you might get asked this:
Evaluates knowledge of simulating complex user interactions beyond simple clicks and text entry.
How to answer:
Explain using the Actions class. List examples of actions supported: clickAndHold(), moveToElement(), dragAndDrop(), contextClick() (right-click), sendKeys() for special keys. Mention using build() and perform().
Example answer:
Complex actions are performed using the Actions class. I create an Actions object, chain multiple action methods like moveToElement(), clickAndHold(), dragAndDrop(), or contextClick(). Finally, I call build().perform() to execute the sequence of actions.
13. What is the Page Object Model (POM)? Why is it used?
Why you might get asked this:
Standard framework design pattern. Essential for 5 years of experience to demonstrate ability to structure code for maintainability and reusability in larger projects.
How to answer:
Define POM as a design pattern creating object repositories for web elements. Explain its benefits: reduced code duplication, improved maintainability (changes to UI only require updating one page class), and enhanced readability of test scripts.
Example answer:
Page Object Model is a design pattern where each web page is represented as a separate class. This class contains the web elements (locators) as variables and methods representing interactions possible on that page. It makes tests more readable, maintainable, and reduces duplicated locator code.
14. How do you handle frames or iframes in Selenium?
Why you might get asked this:
Common challenge in web development. Tests ability to switch context within the browser window to interact with elements inside nested documents.
How to answer:
Explain using driver.switchTo().frame() with different overloaded methods: by index, by name/ID, or by WebElement. Mention using driver.switchTo().defaultContent() or driver.switchTo().parentFrame() to switch back.
Example answer:
I use driver.switchTo().frame() to switch context to an iframe. I can switch by index (less stable), by the frame's name or ID attribute, or by passing the frame's WebElement. To return to the main page content, I use driver.switchTo().defaultContent().
15. How would you handle file upload in Selenium?
Why you might get asked this:
Practical task requiring specific interaction with file input elements. Tests knowledge of standard and non-standard approaches.
How to answer:
Explain the primary method: using sendKeys() on the file input element () with the absolute path of the file. Mention alternatives like Robot class or AutoIT for system-level file dialogs if the input element is not directly interactable.
Example answer:
If the file input element is a standard , I use element.sendKeys("path/to/your/file") to directly enter the file path. For system-level dialogs or non-standard controls, I might use Java's Robot class or integrate tools like AutoIT, though direct sendKeys is preferred when possible.
16. How do you execute JavaScript with Selenium WebDriver?
Why you might get asked this:
Shows ability to interact with the browser's DOM and execute client-side logic when standard Selenium methods are insufficient (e.g., hidden elements, scrolling).
How to answer:
Explain using the JavascriptExecutor interface. Describe casting the WebDriver instance to JavascriptExecutor and using the executeScript() method to run JavaScript code snippets.
Example answer:
I cast the WebDriver instance to JavascriptExecutor. Then I can use its executeScript() method to run arbitrary JavaScript code in the browser. This is useful for tasks like scrolling, clicking hidden elements, changing element attributes, or retrieving dynamic content.
17. What is TestNG and why is it preferred in Selenium automation?
Why you might get asked this:
Standard test framework for Java-based Selenium projects. Experience level requires understanding its benefits over basic JUnit for managing complex test suites.
How to answer:
Identify TestNG as a testing framework. List its advantages relevant to Selenium: annotations (@Test, @BeforeMethod, @DataProvider), grouping, parallel execution, dependency management, parameterization, and detailed reporting.
Example answer:
TestNG is a powerful testing framework. It's preferred for Selenium because it offers advanced features like flexible test configuration using annotations (@Test, @BeforeSuite), test grouping, parallel execution, parameterization via @DataProvider, dependency handling, and generates comprehensive reports, making test management more efficient.
18. How do you perform data-driven testing in Selenium?
Why you might get asked this:
Tests ability to run the same test logic with multiple input datasets, crucial for covering various scenarios and inputs efficiently.
How to answer:
Explain using external data sources (Excel, CSV, database). Detail methods like reading data using libraries (Apache POI for Excel) or using framework features like TestNG's @DataProvider to supply data to test methods.
Example answer:
Data-driven testing is done by separating test data from test logic. I typically use TestNG's @DataProvider annotation, which reads data from an external source like an Excel or CSV file (using libraries like Apache POI or OpenCSV) or even a database. The @Test method then receives data from the @DataProvider.
19. What challenges have you faced while automating and how did you resolve them?
Why you might get asked this:
Evaluates problem-solving skills and practical experience. Shows ability to handle real-world complexities and learn from difficulties.
How to answer:
Describe a specific, non-trivial challenge (e.g., handling AJAX loads, dynamic elements, complex synchronizations, flaky tests). Explain your thought process and the solution implemented (e.g., specific wait conditions, dynamic locators, retry mechanisms).
Example answer:
A common challenge was handling rapidly changing AJAX content causing Stale Element exceptions. I resolved this by implementing more robust explicit waits using ExpectedConditions.refreshed() or re-locating the element within a loop with a short wait, ensuring I interacted with the current DOM reference after updates.
20. How do you integrate Selenium with Jenkins?
Why you might get asked this:
Tests knowledge of integrating automation into CI/CD pipelines, a standard practice for experienced engineers.
How to answer:
Explain configuring a Jenkins job to pull code from a version control system (like Git), set up necessary build steps (e.g., Maven/Gradle commands to run tests), and use Jenkins plugins (like TestNG or JUnit) to publish test results and reports.
Example answer:
I integrate Selenium with Jenkins by creating a Freestyle or Pipeline job. The job is configured to pull code from Git, then execute the test suite using Maven or Gradle commands. I install appropriate plugins (like TestNG Report Plugin) to parse test results (testng-results.xml) and display them visually in Jenkins, making it part of the CI process.
21. What is the role of Selenium Grid?
Why you might get asked this:
Tests knowledge of scaling automation execution. Essential for running tests across multiple browsers/OS and reducing test execution time.
How to answer:
Define Selenium Grid's purpose: parallel test execution across different machines, browsers, and operating systems. Explain its components (Hub and Nodes) and how it speeds up feedback loops by running tests concurrently.
Example answer:
Selenium Grid allows parallel execution of tests across different machines and browsers/OS. It consists of a Hub (controlling node) and multiple Nodes (where browsers run). Tests are sent to the Hub, which distributes them to available Nodes based on desired capabilities, significantly reducing test execution time for large suites.
22. Can Selenium automate captcha or biometric systems?
Why you might get asked this:
Checks understanding of Selenium's limitations and potential workarounds in testing environments.
How to answer:
State clearly that Selenium cannot automate systems designed to prevent automation (captcha, biometrics). Explain common workarounds in test environments, like disabling captcha or using test accounts that bypass these steps.
Example answer:
No, Selenium cannot automate CAPTCHA or biometric verification systems, as they are specifically designed to differentiate humans from bots and often require physical interaction. In testing, these are typically handled by disabling them in the test environment or using specific test data/configuration that bypasses these checks.
23. How do you handle stale element exception?
Why you might get asked this:
A common and frustrating exception. Tests understanding of DOM changes and effective error handling/recovery strategies.
How to answer:
Explain that it occurs when the element reference is no longer valid because the DOM changed. Describe the solution: re-locate the element before attempting the interaction again, potentially within a retry mechanism or after waiting for the DOM update.
Example answer:
A StaleElementReferenceException occurs when the element reference in the WebDriver cache is no longer attached to the DOM, usually because the page updated. I handle it by catching the exception and re-finding the element just before the interaction, potentially incorporating a brief wait or a retry logic loop.
24. How do you handle JavaScript popups or alerts that are not supported by Selenium alerts?
Why you might get asked this:
Distinguishes between native browser alerts and custom modal dialogs built with JavaScript/HTML. Tests ability to identify and interact with these elements like regular web elements.
How to answer:
Explain that these are not browser-native alerts but are standard HTML/JavaScript elements. Describe how to interact with them using standard Selenium methods (locating elements, clicking buttons) and using appropriate waits for them to appear/disappear.
Example answer:
JavaScript popups or custom modal windows built with HTML/CSS are not handled by driver.switchTo().alert(). They are treated as regular web elements. I locate their elements (buttons, text) using standard locators like ID, CSS, or XPath and interact with them using click() or sendKeys(), typically after waiting for them to be visible.
25. What is the difference between Absolute and Relative XPath?
Why you might get asked this:
Tests fundamental locator knowledge, specifically the robustness and fragility of different XPath types.
How to answer:
Define Absolute XPath (starts from root /) as providing the full path, making it brittle to DOM changes. Define Relative XPath (starts from //) as more flexible, starting from anywhere in the document and using attributes or relationships, making it preferred.
Example answer:
Absolute XPath starts from the root HTML node and follows the entire path, like /html/body/div[1]/button. It's very specific but breaks easily if the DOM structure changes. Relative XPath starts from anywhere using //, often leveraging attributes like //button[@id='submit'], making it more resilient to minor DOM changes.
26. How can you improve Selenium test script performance?
Why you might get asked this:
Shows awareness of optimization and efficiency, key for large test suites.
How to answer:
Suggest techniques like using explicit waits, avoiding Thread.sleep(), optimizing locators (preferring ID/CSS over XPath), minimizing calls to findElement within loops, closing browser windows, and parallelizing tests using TestNG/JUnit or Selenium Grid.
Example answer:
Performance can be improved by using Explicit Waits instead of Thread.sleep(), optimizing locator strategies (preferring CSS over complex XPath), minimizing redundant element searches, efficiently closing browsers, and crucially, enabling parallel test execution using frameworks like TestNG or Selenium Grid.
27. What is Selenese?
Why you might get asked this:
Tests knowledge of Selenium's history and IDE component, relevant if using or maintaining older tests or IDE scripts.
How to answer:
Define Selenese as the command language used by Selenium IDE. Mention it consists of actions (clicking), accessors (storing values), and assertions (verifying results). Note its use is primarily for the IDE's record/playback feature.
Example answer:
Selenese is the domain-specific language used in Selenium IDE. It's a set of commands like open, click, type, verifyTitle, etc., that instruct Selenium IDE what actions to perform on the browser. It's mainly for the record-and-playback tool and less used for complex WebDriver scripts.
28. How do you manage browser compatibility issues?
Why you might get asked this:
Crucial for ensuring test reliability across different user environments. Tests experience with cross-browser testing strategies.
How to answer:
Explain executing tests on different browsers using appropriate drivers. Discuss writing browser-agnostic code, handling browser-specific quirks (e.g., using JavascriptExecutor for interactions that behave differently), and utilizing Selenium Grid for scaled cross-browser execution.
Example answer:
I manage browser compatibility by running tests across all target browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari) using Selenium Grid. I ensure my code is browser-agnostic by avoiding browser-specific API calls and use explicit waits consistently. If specific browser quirks arise, I might use JavascriptExecutor or browser-specific logic where unavoidable.
29. How do you deal with hidden elements or elements not visible on the page?
Why you might get asked this:
Challenges involving elements that are in the DOM but not immediately interactable. Tests ability to manipulate elements or interact differently.
How to answer:
Explain that standard Selenium interactions (click(), sendKeys()) require elements to be visible. Suggest using JavascriptExecutor to interact with or scroll to hidden elements, or waiting for element visibility using Explicit Waits if they become visible later.
Example answer:
Selenium usually requires elements to be visible and interactable. If an element is hidden but in the DOM, I can use JavascriptExecutor to click it or change its style attributes to make it visible. Alternatively, if it becomes visible after an action, I use an Explicit Wait for its visibility before interacting.
30. How do you design a robust Selenium test automation framework?
Why you might get asked this:
Summarizes framework design knowledge, the pinnacle for 5 years of experience. Requires integrating various concepts.
How to answer:
Describe key components: Page Object Model (POM), using a test framework (TestNG/JUnit), data externalization, logging (Log4j), build tool integration (Maven/Gradle), reporting (ExtentReports, Allure), parallel execution (Selenium Grid), and integration with CI/CD. Emphasize maintainability, scalability, and reusability.
Example answer:
A robust framework incorporates POM for UI abstraction, TestNG/JUnit for test execution management, data externalization, logging (e.g., Log4j), build tool integration (Maven), comprehensive reporting (ExtentReports), parallel execution with Selenium Grid, and CI/CD integration (Jenkins). This ensures scalability, maintainability, and reliable execution and reporting.
Other Tips to Prepare for a Selenium Interview Questions For 5 Years Experience
Preparing for selenium interview questions for 5 years experience involves more than memorizing answers; it requires demonstrating practical experience and strategic thinking. Review your past projects, focusing on challenges you overcame and design decisions you made, especially regarding framework architecture, synchronization, and handling complex scenarios. Be ready to discuss your experience with integrated tools like Maven, TestNG, Jenkins, and reporting libraries. Practice explaining concepts clearly and concisely. As the renowned automation expert, Joe Colantonio, puts it, "The best way to demonstrate your expertise is by talking about real-world scenarios and how you solved them." Consider using tools like Verve AI Interview Copilot to practice articulating your responses and receiving instant feedback, helping you fine-tune your delivery and content for selenium interview questions for 5 years experience. Verve AI Interview Copilot offers AI-powered mock interviews tailored to specific roles and experience levels, providing valuable insights into areas for improvement. "Preparation is key to confidence," says leading career coach, Jane Smith. Utilize resources like Verve AI Interview Copilot (https://vervecopilot.com) to simulate the interview environment and build confidence in tackling complex selenium interview questions for 5 years experience, ensuring you are fully prepared to showcase your five years of expertise.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1: How deep should I go into code examples?
A1: Be ready to discuss logic and patterns; full code isn't always needed unless requested. Focus on explaining how you'd implement the solution.
Q2: Should I mention specific tools I've used?
A2: Yes, mention frameworks (TestNG, JUnit), build tools (Maven, Gradle), CI/CD (Jenkins, GitLab), and reporting tools to showcase practical experience.
Q3: How important is framework design experience?
A3: Very important. For 5 years, expect detailed questions on POM, data-driven testing, error handling, and scalability aspects of framework design.
Q4: Will I be asked coding questions?
A4: Likely, yes. Be prepared to write or explain code snippets related to Selenium interactions, locators, waits, or handling collections in your preferred language (Java, Python, etc.).
Q5: How to handle questions about limitations?
A5: Acknowledge limitations (e.g., captcha, desktop apps) and discuss workarounds or alternative tools used in practice.
Q6: Should I prepare questions for the interviewer?
A6: Absolutely. Prepare insightful questions about the team, tech stack, automation challenges, and goals to show your engagement and forward-thinking.
